Separation Anxiety in Dogs – What Are the Symptoms?

Separation anxiety in dogs is a condition that affects many pet owners without them always recognising the root cause. Dogs are social animals that thrive on interaction with their human companions. For some, this attachment can become so strong that being left alone triggers intense feelings of distress and fear. This condition, known as separation anxiety, can lead to disruptive behaviours that are not only stressful for the dog but also frustrating for the owner. Recognising the signs, understanding the causes and implementing strategies to manage separation anxiety can make a significant difference in the well-being of your dog and your home environment.

What is separation anxiety in dogs?

Separation anxiety in dogs refers to a behavioural disorder that occurs when a dog experiences significant anxiety or stress due to being left alone or separated from its owner. It’s more than just the occasional whimper when you head out the door. Dogs with this condition show signs of extreme distress, which can manifest in various ways, from destructive behaviour to health issues.

While dogs are naturally social creatures, those with separation anxiety are overly reliant on their owners for emotional support and safety. When separated, they feel insecure and overwhelmed, which can lead to panic-like behaviours. In some cases, this anxiety begins to manifest as soon as the dog notices pre-departure cues, such as you picking up your keys or putting on your shoes.

Separation anxiety can affect any breed, age, or size of dog. However, it is more commonly seen in certain situations, such as when a dog has been rehomed, has experienced traumatic events, or has undergone significant changes in their daily routine.

Dog anxiety vs. separation anxiety

It’s important to differentiate between general dog anxiety and separation anxiety in dogs. While both conditions involve stress and anxiety, separation anxiety specifically relates to the distress a dog feels when they are left alone or separated from their owner. General dog anxiety, on the other hand, can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as loud noises, unfamiliar environments, or new people.

Separation anxiety tends to be more severe, with dogs displaying behaviours that directly correlate with their owner’s absence. Dogs suffering from general anxiety might also exhibit stress in other contexts, such as during thunderstorms or fireworks.

Dog anxiety symptoms

Recognising dog anxiety symptoms is key to managing this condition. While each dog is different, many anxious dogs exhibit some combination of the following symptoms:

Excessive barking or howling: Dogs with separation anxiety often vocalise their distress when left alone. This behaviour is typically excessive and can continue for long periods.
Destructive behaviour: Chewing furniture, scratching doors or digging at windowsills are common signs. Dogs may try to escape by damaging exit points, and in doing so, can injure themselves or cause significant damage to the house.
Indoor soiling: Even house-trained dogs may urinate or defecate inside the house when left alone. This is often a direct response to stress rather than a lack of training.
Restlessness or pacing: Some dogs may pace back and forth, often near the door or window, as a way to cope with their anxiety.
Attempts to escape: Dogs may try to claw or chew their way out of confined spaces, such as crates or rooms. This behaviour can be dangerous as it may lead to physical injury.

Less obvious symptoms of separation anxiety can include trembling, refusing food or treats, and an overall change in behaviour before and after the owner leaves. These dog anxiety symptoms are clear indicators that a dog is struggling to cope with being alone and requires intervention.

Causes of separation anxiety in dogs

Understanding the root cause of separation anxiety in dogs is the first step toward treating the condition. In many cases, separation anxiety stems from changes in a dog's life or environment, but genetics and early socialisation also play a role.

Rehoming or adoption: Dogs that have been adopted from shelters or rehomed may be more prone to separation anxiety. The uncertainty and trauma of losing a previous home can make these dogs fearful of abandonment.
Lack of early socialisation: Dogs that weren’t exposed to being left alone for short periods during puppyhood may find it difficult to cope with solitude as they grow older. These dogs may become overly reliant on their owners for security.
Changes in routine: A sudden shift in the owner’s schedule, such as starting a new job or returning to work after a long period at home, can trigger separation anxiety. The dog may struggle to adapt to longer periods of isolation.
Trauma or neglect: Dogs that have experienced neglect, abuse or long periods of isolation in the past may be more likely to develop separation anxiety. This is especially common in dogs from rescue situations.
Genetic predisposition: Some dog breeds are naturally more prone to anxiety than others. Smaller breeds, such as Chihuahuas and Bichon Frises, often experience higher levels of stress, which can make them more susceptible to separation anxiety.

In many cases, the development of separation anxiety is linked to a combination of these factors. Identifying the cause can help owners take the appropriate steps to manage the condition effectively.

Signs of separation anxiety in dogs

Signs of separation anxiety in dogs often overlap with other dog anxiety symptoms but they are specifically tied to the owner’s absence. Understanding these signs can help pet owners take early action before the condition gets worse. Common signs include:

Clingy behaviour: Dogs with separation anxiety tend to follow their owners around the house, refusing to let them out of sight. This behaviour can be an early indication of anxiety.
Pre-departure anxiety: Dogs often become anxious as soon as they recognise the signs that their owner is about to leave, such as getting dressed, picking up keys, or putting on shoes.
Destructive tendencies: Destruction tends to occur around exit points, such as doors and windows. This is often an attempt to escape and find their owner.
Excessive salivation or drooling: In addition to more obvious signs like barking and howling, dogs may exhibit physical symptoms of anxiety, such as excessive drooling or panting.

If these behaviours occur primarily when a dog is left alone, separation anxiety is likely the culprit. However, it’s essential to rule out other potential causes, such as medical conditions or general boredom.

How to calm a dog down instantly

While treating separation anxiety is a long-term process, there are ways to calm a dog down instantly during episodes of anxiety. These methods provide short-term relief but are not a substitute for proper training and desensitisation techniques.

Create a calming environment: Ensuring that your dog has a comfortable, secure space to retreat to can significantly reduce anxiety. Some dogs feel safer in a confined space, such as a crate, while others prefer a particular room with familiar items like their bed or favourite toys.
Use calming aids: Products such as anxiety vests, pheromone diffusers, or calming music designed for dogs can help soothe anxious pets. These tools won’t cure the anxiety but can make your dog feel more comfortable during stressful moments.
Exercise before departure: Physical exercise is a great way to reduce anxiety. Taking your dog for a long walk or engaging in a vigorous play session before leaving can tire them out and reduce their stress levels.
Distraction with toys or puzzles: Providing interactive toys filled with treats can keep your dog engaged and distracted when you leave. These toys serve as mental stimulation, which can lessen the impact of separation.

While these techniques can help in the moment, long-term solutions require addressing the root cause of the anxiety through behavioural training and routine adjustments.

Curing dog separation anxiety quickly

Many pet owners want to know if curing dog separation anxiety quickly is possible. While there’s no overnight fix, it’s possible to reduce the severity of the condition through consistent training and behavioural modification.

Desensitisation training: One of the most effective ways to treat separation anxiety is by gradually exposing your dog to being alone. Start by leaving for very short periods and gradually increase the time you are away. This teaches your dog that your absence isn’t something to fear, as you always return.
Establish a routine: Consistency is key in managing separation anxiety. Dogs thrive on predictability, so keeping to a routine can provide them with a sense of security. Try to leave and return at the same times each day, and stick to a familiar routine whenever possible.
Practice calm departures and arrivals: When leaving or returning home, keep the atmosphere calm and neutral. If you make a big deal out of leaving or arriving, it can heighten your dog’s anxiety. Instead, leave quietly without fanfare and ignore your dog for a few minutes when you return until they have calmed down.
Counter-conditioning: This involves teaching your dog to associate your departure with something positive. Offer a special treat or toy that your dog only gets when you leave. Over time, your dog will begin to associate your departure with something enjoyable.

A large dog looking out the window.

How to treat separation anxiety in dogs

Knowing how to treat separation anxiety in dogs involves a combination of strategies that work both in the short and long term. Some of the most effective treatment options include:

Behavioural therapy: Working with a dog behaviourist or trainer can be incredibly helpful. These professionals can assess the severity of your dog’s anxiety and develop a customised plan to address it.
Medication: In severe cases, your veterinarian may recommend medications to help manage your dog’s anxiety. These medications are typically prescribed for short-term use while you work on behavioural modification.
Crate training: A crate can be a valuable tool for some dogs, providing a safe space where they feel secure. However, it’s essential to introduce the crate gradually and ensure that your dog associates it with positive experiences rather than confinement.
Increase mental stimulation: Mental enrichment is just as important as physical exercise. Puzzle toys, interactive feeders and games like hide-and-seek can help keep your dog’s mind occupied and reduce anxiety.

Addressing long-term separation anxiety

For dogs with chronic separation anxiety, treatment may take time but it’s important not to give up. Dogs can and do improve with the right combination of training, environmental changes, and, in some cases, medication.

Hire a pet sitter or use daycare: If your dog struggles with being left alone for long periods, consider hiring a pet sitter or enrolling your dog in daycare. This ensures they aren’t alone for extended times, reducing the chance of an anxiety episode.
Gradually increase alone time: Continue to practice desensitisation by leaving your dog for short periods and gradually extending the duration. Over time, your dog will learn that being alone is not something to fear.

The long-term impact of untreated separation anxiety

Untreated separation anxiety in dogs can lead to long-term consequences, both for the dog and the owner. Chronic stress can weaken a dog’s immune system making them more susceptible to illness and infections. Additionally, the destructive behaviours associated with anxiety can result in injuries to the dog or significant damage to the house.

Dogs with severe separation anxiety may develop other behavioural issues, such as aggression or depression. In some cases, the stress can also lead to physical health problems, such as gastrointestinal disorders, loss of appetite and excessive weight loss.

For pet owners, living with a dog that suffers from separation anxiety can be challenging. The constant worry about the dog’s well-being, coupled with the damage to the house, can create a stressful environment for everyone involved.

Conclusion

Separation anxiety in dogs is a condition that can be difficult to manage but is not impossible to treat. With the right combination of behavioural modification, routine adjustments and professional guidance, you can help your dog overcome their fears and live a more relaxed, happy life. Recognising the symptoms early, understanding the causes and being patient with the treatment process are key to ensuring success.

Ultimately, curing dog separation anxiety quickly may not always be possible but by addressing the condition with a consistent, compassionate approach, you can greatly reduce your dog’s distress and improve your relationship with them. By investing time and effort into understanding and treating separation anxiety, both you and your dog will benefit from a more harmonious and stress-free life.